War of the Third Coalition

 The Third Coalition was a military alliance formed by the kingdoms of the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria, Sweden, Portugal, Naples, and Sicily to oppose Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and the First French Empire, as well as their Spanish allies. In 1805 and 1806, he ruled the Kingdom of Italy, Bavaria, Etruria, Batavia, and the Principality of Württemberg.

War of the Third Coalition

From the Treaty of Amiens to the Third Coalition

Although the British Empire and the French Empire signed the Treaty of Amiens on March 25, 1802, it did not end the conflict between France and the Second Coalition. In May 1803, Britain captured 1,200 merchant ships from France and the Netherlands in English ports. France retaliated a few days later, arresting all British citizens in France and then pursuing a protectionist trade policy, blocking the consumption market of British industry while also preventing necessary British imports, particularly agricultural products, in which the UK cannot be self-sufficient. When British troops refused to quit the island of Malta and Napoleon dispatched troops to quash the Haitian rising, war was unavoidable.

On May 23, 1803, the British Empire declared war on the French Empire. William Pitt, the British Prime Minister at the time, increased diplomatic attempts to form a Third Coalition. On April 11, 1805, the United Kingdom and Russia signed an alliance pact. Britain provides 100,000 Russian troops with an annual stipend of 1.25 million pounds. Britain also attempted to entice Austria, and Austria joined the Union on June 11, 1805. Sweden likewise joined the Union on August 9, 1805, and declared war on France on October 31, 1805.

Battle in Germany

Napoleon assembled French, Spanish, and Batavian troops, including infantry, cavalry, and naval, at the camps near Boulogne (northern France), possibly as many as 350,000 troops, to attack the British Empire. The purpose of the British prime minister was to eradicate the French menace. With 40,000 Russian-British-Swedish troops, the Coalition simultaneously invaded the Kingdom of Hannover (acquired by France on May 27, 1803), the Danube area with 180,000 Russo-Austrian troops, and northern Italy with 142,000 Austrian troops.

Napoleon concentrated his offensive on the heart of the Confederate forces in Germany, while French Field Marshals André Masséna and Gouvion Saint-Cyr were tasked with holding the Confederates in northern Italy.

The Austrians chose to wait for the French in the Schwarzwald mountains (southwest Germany), but Napoleon sent forces to cut off contact between the Austrians and the Russians. The French army crossed the Rhine and, subsequently, the Main in September 1805. General Karl Mack surrendered on October 19, 1805, after French Marshal Michel Ney beat him at the Battle of Elchingen (Bayern) and besieged him in Ulm (on the Danube, Germany).

Naval Battle in Spain

At the same time, the British Navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson destroyed the Franco-Spanish coalition led by French Admiral Pierre Villeneuve in the naval battle of Trafalgar (Spain, October 21, 1805); this feat was one of the most decisive at sea, demonstrating Great Britain's mastery of the seas. Admiral Horatio Nelson was severely wounded; he died in the hour of victory, cementing his status as an English national hero, which he had gained after several previous victories over the French. On the vanquished side, the fatal wound that killed Spanish Admiral Don Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli in 1806 and French Admiral Pierre Villeneuve was captured alive but later released and committed suicide.

In Central Europe, on December 2, 1805, Emperor Napoleon defeated the Austro-Russian alliance led by Tsar Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Franz II at the Battle of Austerlitz, forcing the Russian army to withdraw to Poland and Austria to sign the Treaty of Pressburg on December 26, 1805, ceding Venice to Italy (with Napoleon as king) and Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria. The Third Coalition broke up.

Battle of Austerlitz

This battle is seen as a significant win because of movement rather than direct attack. Napoleon purposefully exposed his army's ostensibly weak left flank, even abandoning the Pratzen Heights, inviting the coalition to strike in order to stretch their front too far. The Russian army was subjective with their "whiplash fantasies" at the start of the conflict; therefore, they were frequently rejected, but they battled with persistence. The French then assaulted the center of the coalition line, nearly annihilating the coalition's center, while Napoleon I's left wing attacked the coalition's flanks and rear.

This battle was tough, but it served as a monument to the Emperor's faith in the French army, confirming their position as the strongest army in Europe at the time. Napoleon maintained control of the battle for the majority of it, and his men took Pratzen Peak. Field Marshals Joachim Murat and Jean Lannes, rather than being rivals, worked closely together, and the French left's superb combination of infantry and cavalry resulted in a decisive victory.

During the engagement of the French Guards with the Russian Guards, when the Russians won a great victory and smashed some of the most elite French units, the French soldiers bravely heeded Chuan's melodious call. General Jean Rapp wiped out the Russian artillery, smashing the Russian army in a bloody battle. The great attack on Russia led to Rapp being promoted to Major General not long after. The Russo-Austrian right army was cut off from the Russo-Austrian left army, and when the "Austerlitz Sun" began to set, the Russian army was defeated after a day of fighting and had to withdraw in chaos. During the battle, the Mamluk warriors of Napoleon I with impressive combat power, contributed to defeating the Russian Guards Cavalry, contributing to the resounding victory of the French army.

Although fighting bravely, the Russian-Austrian alliance suffered heavy losses. Their heavy defeat was due to the great mistake of their command. Many Russian soldiers, when withdrawing on the frozen lake Satschan, drowned when the French fired on this lake. The coalition soldiers were besieged. It is said that it was Emperor Napoleon I who ordered the French to deal such a heavy blow. Alexander I cried out in the middle of the battle, and the losses of the victorious French army were heavy but less than those of the Russo-Austrian army. In the tragedy, many coalition soldiers even threw away weapons. The victorious French army captured many prisoners from the spoils of the Russians and the Austrians. Napoleon I's great victory foiled the coalition's plan to hinder him, and the coalition's painful losses accounted for nearly one-third of their total force.

The Russian corpses were piled up with bronze, and even their elite guardsmen were defeated. On the other hand, some of the coalition forces escaped the trap set by Napoleon. Night fell, making the French unable to pursue any further. While the Allies were pushed into the inner city of Austerlitz, Napoleon I seized the road to Olmütz. The glorious French victory at Austerlitz was Napoleon I's third defeat of Austria, and as a punch to the face of the Third Coalition, it first knocked down the Austrian "wing" of the Confederacy, leaving the Confederial This ant disintegrates. Their spirits were broken, and just two days after the defeat, Emperor Franz I had to personally go see Napoleon. The Battle of Austerlitz became one of the most famous victories in European history. Medieval Europe—modern. With this great victory—the glorious victory of the French Emperor's strategy against the powerful Russian-Austrian alliance, the French Empire gained absolute ground superiority in the situation of the Third Coalition War. Napoleon became more and more ambitious to hold European hegemony.

In addition to being a terrible repercussion of the tsar's error, this brilliant victory was significant to the French army since it occurred on the anniversary of Emperor Napoleon's enthronement and also promoted the big triumph in Ulm previously. While that victory elevated him to the status of Julius Caesar, he read the 30th Proclamation to thank the three armies following the spectacular triumph. His determination to achieve great things worried Europe's troops.

Napoleon defeated Russia in this fight more violently than in the fight of the Second Coalition due to the tragedy of Alexander I. The Great Emperor simply set the terms for Austria's loss while riding the wave of victory. At the same time, he meticulously planned the pursuit.

The Treaty of Pressburg was signed on December 26, 1805, by which Austria withdrew from the war, consolidated the earlier Treaties of Campo Formio and Lunéville, forced Austria to relinquish control of parts of Germany to Napoleon's allies, and forced the Habsburg dynasty to pay 40 million French francs in war costs, effectively ending Austrian supremacy over Germany. The Austrian feudal state was humiliated, and Russian troops were allowed to return home. But here, Napoleon I completed the insult to the Russian Empire by smashing the glorious legacy left by Tsar Ekaterina II.

Napoleon's great 1805 campaign, culminating in the stunning Austerlitz triumph, was finished with the Treaty of Pressburg. The victory also resulted in the formation of the Rhine Confederacy, which consisted of German nations that functioned as a buffer between France and Central Europe, bringing the French Empire and its influence right into the heart of the country. Virtue. The magnificent victory at Austerlitz, with its great significance, gave the throne to the Emperor of France's brothers. Before the Battle of Austerlitz, the Kingdom of Prussia was forced to surrender.

Thus, his decisive victory completely consolidated the powerful role of the French Empire, defeated all enemies in Europe, and reduced Austria to a mediocre state. The resounding victory at Austerlitz was also a disaster for the anti-French forces in Italy. Also, with this very resounding victory, Napoleon said that to clearly show the "sacred" nature of war, his soldiers seemed to become invincible. The great victory at Austerlitz made the name Victor of Austerlitz" closely associated with Napoleon I, and after the great victory, he built the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

The dissolution of the Third Coalition dealt British Prime Minister William Pitt the Young a terrible blow, putting him in tremendous misery, ultimately leading to his mental breakdown and death. Then, in 1806, Emperor Franz II was obliged to dissolve the German Empire in the face of Napoleon's victory, retaining only the throne of Emperor Franz I of Austria.

However, peace did not last long, as Prussia quickly entered the war in the Fourth Coalition in 1806, when Napoleon I promoted the great victory over Austerlitz by destroying Prussia. Besides Napoleon I's military genius, his lack of political talent was evident soon after the great victory at Austerlitz: he did not overthrow the Habsburg Dynasty, and this set the stage for decisive defeat. decisions of Napoleon I in particular and the First Empire in general. However, his mighty victory with great strategic value also enabled him to redraw the map and dominate Europe, and the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia in 1806. For Alexander I, the defeat at Austerlitz was the test of his life.

The battle of Austerlitz became a glorious "a few against many" feat of military genius Napoleon and the French elite, whose stature completely decided a war. There is even an opinion that this victory, along with the Battle of Nashville (1864) during the American Civil War, is one of the two most complete victories in military history. Before this battle, the situation was so dangerous that the victory at Austerlitz became very important to him, and this disaster proved that the Austrians could not avenge their defeat at the previous Battle of Marengo.

Once again a great victory, Napoleon, through this "first" victory, marked the mobility of the French elite in the 1805 campaign. Besides all the brilliant glory of the Austerlitz victory that smashed the First Coalition Third, Napoleon was defeated as soon as his fantasy of hegemony was aroused because the French Navy had been defeated by the British Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar—a disaster that limited the splendor of France in the year of victory in 1805, despite the momentary resounding victory at Austerlitz, smashing the Coalition formed by British Empire, which had covered and undone the great defeat at Trafalgar. In fact, after this great victory, fully promoting and completing Napoleon's exploits is considered a rare case.

Battles Between the French and the Third Coalition

July 22, 1805: naval battle of Finisterre (Spain), England won against France-Spain
October 8, 1805: Battle of Wertingen (Germany), France beat Austria
October 21, 1805: naval battle of Trafalgar (Spain), England won against France-Spain
October 30, 1805: Battle of Caldiero (Italy), France beat Austria
4.11.1805: naval battle of Cape Ortegal (Spain), England defeats France
11.10.1805: Battle of Haslach-Jungingen (Germany), France wins Austria
October 14, 1805: Battle of Elchingen (Germany), France wins Austria
October 15 - 17, 1805: Battle of Ulm (Germany), France beat Austria
5.11.1805: Battle of Amstetten (Austria), France wins Austria-Russia
11.11.1805: Battle of Dürenstein (Austria), winless between France and Austria-Russia
November 16, 1805: Battle of Hollabrunn, France wins Austria-Russia
December 2, 1805: Battle of Austerlitz (now Czech Republic), France wins Austria-Russia
February 2 - July 18, 1806: Battle of Gaeta (Italy), France defeats the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily
March 10, 1806: Battle of Campo Tenese (Italy), France defeats the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily
July 4, 1806: Battle of Maida (Italy), Anglo-Sicilian defeats France-Italy-Switzerland

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