The Second Coalition was a group of European countries formed to control revolutionary France and, if possible, defeat the French Republic and restore the monarchy.
When Did the War of the Second Coalition Start
After the victory of General Napoleon Bonaparte in the battles in Italy in 1797 and the signing of the Peace of Campo-Formio, ending the war between the French Republic and the First Coalition, France expanded its borders to the left bank of the Rhine and occupied northern Italy. When Napoleon led the French expedition to Egypt, the anti-French nations formed a Second Coalition consisting of Great Britain, the Russian Empire, Austria, Sweden, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Turkish Empire. The United States, the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, Haiti, the Chouan rebels in France, and the rebels in Belgium would fight together against France. The French side includes the French Republic, the French satellite republics, the Republic of Batavia, the Kingdom of Denmark, Norway, and the Irish insurgents.
On August 1, 1798, in Egypt, thanks to his outstanding talent, British Royal Navy Admiral Horatio Nelson deceived the French in the Naval Battle of the Nile and destroyed the French Navy. Napoleon only left 13 warships. The French defeated in Egypt were cut off from the French administration in the country thanks to the performance of the British Royal Navy on the Nile. Tsar Pavel I was ready to annihilate French democracy in 1799.
Pavel I appointed the excellent Field Marshal Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov as Commander-in-Chief of the Russo-Austrian Union at the request of the Austrians, despite the fact that this military genius was old and had recently been disgraced by the Tsar. A. V. Suvorov commanded the Russian-Austrian coalition against France in Italy on April 19, 1799. Suvorov's troops annihilated the French army in the first fight at Cassano, murdering 2,000 enemies and capturing 5,000 alive. When the remnants of the French army retreated, the Cossack warriors pursued them. The Russian-Austrian alliance freed Milan on April 29, 1799.
Then, on May 26, 1799, Turin was liberated as well. Suvorov also beat the French army in the battle of Marengo. Grand Marshal Suvorov destroyed the French once more in the battle of Trebbia. The French were chased from the Riviera. Then, on August 15, 1799, Suvorov's Russian-Austrian coalition won again in the battle of Novi, defeating and killing the French general Barthélemy Catherine Joubert. He was the French army's most unlucky general at the time.
With a series of victories over the French armies in a series of forced marches, Field Marshal Suvorov prevented the enemy from joining forces, although he was always plagued by less talented Austrian generals. Not only that, but the Austrian Army overcame the French in the first Battle of Zurich in June 1799, despite suffering terrible losses. Following that, the Russian force in the Swiss Republic was defeated by General André Masséna's French force. Following this setback, Field Marshal Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov was forced to withdraw the Russian soldiers as the situation deteriorated, effectively ending one of his most glorious campaigns.
In Germany, the army of Austrian Duke Charles pushed Field Marshal J. B. Jourdan's French army across the Rhine and won many victories against France in Switzerland. Field Marshal Jourdan was succeeded by General A. Masséna. Meanwhile, Russia withdrew from the Union due to tensions with the United Kingdom over maritime problems.
Napoleon handed over leadership of the French army in Egypt to General Kléber at the end of 1799, went to France to stage a coup d'etat Directoire, and reformed the army. Napoleon commanded an army in Italy in 1800 and beat General Michael Melas' Austrian army at the Battle of Marengo (June 14, 1800), forcing the Austrian army to retire behind the Alps.
At the Battle of Hohenlinden (December 3, 1800), French commander Moreau's troops beat Duke Johann's army, forcing Austria to sign the Armistice. On February 9, 1801, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Lunéville, ceding French control of the Rhine and the vassal republics of Italy and the Netherlands to France. On March 21, 1801, British troops defeated the French at the Battle of Canope and marched on Rahmanieh in Egypt.
In the meantime, the Turkish Army marched from Syria to El Arich. On April 9, 1801, France was forced to depart Salhieh, allowing the Turks to retake the territory. Following that, the Anglo-Turkish force gathered on the Nile River and marched straight for Cairo's freedom. The Turkish army defeated a French army of 8,000 troops. Then, in turn, Cairo and Alexandria were liberated, and France was humiliated to the point of humiliation. On March 25, 1802, France and the British Empire signed the Treaty of Amiens, effectively ending the war between France and the Second Coalition.
Important Events
May 23, 1798: Rebellion of Ireland (allied of France) against Britain
September 1798: Russia, Austria, and Great Britain declare war on France
September 9, 1798: Türkiye declares war on France
September 15, 1799: Vendée and Chouan rebels rebel against the French government
October 22, 1799: Russia makes peace with France
14.2.1800: Chouan insurgents sign the peace treaty of Beauregard with the French government
August 1801: Britain kicked the French out of Egypt
9.2.1801: Peace of Lunéville between Austria and France
December 14, 1801: France invades Haiti
March 25, 1802: Peace of Amiens between France and England
June 1802: Türkiye holds Egypt
1.1.1804: end the war between France and Haiti
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